Counting in Japanese: Master Essential Counters (つ, 人, 枚, 本, 匹) for Beginners
Ever tried to say “two tickets” or “three bottles” in Japanese and got stuck? Welcome to counters! In Japanese, we don’t just say a number—we match it with a special word that fits the thing we’re counting. Today you’ll learn the most useful beginner counters: つ (generic), 人 (people), 枚 (flat items), 本 (long, cylindrical items), and 匹 (small animals). We’ll practice right away with mini exercises so you can use them in real conversations.
Why counters matter
Counters are everywhere: in stores, cafes, train stations, and at home. Cashiers ask 何枚 (how many sheets/tickets), servers confirm 何人 (how many people), and you’ll use つ when you’re just starting out and don’t know the specific counter yet.
The super-beginner counter: 〜つ
Use つ for counting general items from 1 to 10. These have special readings:
- 1: ひとつ
- 2: ふたつ
- 3: みっつ
- 4: よっつ
- 5: いつつ
- 6: むっつ
- 7: ななつ
- 8: やっつ
- 9: ここのつ
- 10: とお When you don’t know a specific counter yet, つ is safe for small everyday items (apples, donuts, toys, etc.).
りんごを ください。
Counting people: 〜人 (にん)
People use the counter 人. Watch out: 1 and 2 are irregular.
- 1 person: ひとり
- 2 people: ふたり
- 3 people: 三人 (さんにん)
- 4 people: 四人 (よにん)
- 5 people: 五人 (ごにん) To ask “How many people?”, say 何人ですか (なんにんですか).
Flat items: 〜枚 (まい)
Use 枚 for flat things like paper, tickets, photos.
- 一枚 (いちまい)
- 二枚 (にまい)
- 三枚 (さんまい)
- 四枚 (よんまい)
- 五枚 (ごまい) “How many (flat items)?” → 何枚 (なんまい)。
チケットを 買いました。
Long cylindrical items: 〜本 (ほん)
Use 本 for long, cylindrical items like bottles, pens, umbrellas. Some readings change with the number:
- 一本 (いっぽん)
- 二本 (にほん)
- 三本 (さんぼん)
- 四本 (よんほん)
- 五本 (ごほん)
- 六本 (ろっぽん)
- 八本 (はっぽん)
- 十本 (じゅっぽん) “How many (long items)?” → 何本 (なんぼん)。
Small animals: 〜匹 (ひき)
Use 匹 for small animals like cats, dogs, fish.
- 一匹 (いっぴき)
- 二匹 (にひき)
- 三匹 (さんびき)
- 四匹 (よんひき)
- 五匹 (ごひき)
- 六匹 (ろっぴき)
- 八匹 (はっぴき)
- 十匹 (じゅっぴき) “How many (animals)?” → 何匹 (なんびき)。
いぬが います。
Asking “how many?”
- Generic items (つ): いくつ
- People: 何人(なんにん)
- Flat items: 何枚(なんまい)
- Long items: 何本(なんぼん)
- Small animals: 何匹(なんびき) Try this short dialogue:
Japanese often uses [Object] を [Number+Counter] [Verb].
Cultural notes
- In restaurants, you’ll hear: 何名様ですか (なんめいさまですか) for “How many in your party?” 名 is a polite counter for people.
- Children commonly use 〜つ for everyday counting before learning specific counters.
- Tickets, papers, and photos are counted with 枚; bottles and pens with 本; pets and small animals with 匹.
- Phone numbers are said digit-by-digit, not with counters. Keep listening for counters in service phrases—soon they’ll feel natural.
Quick summary
- つ: generic items (1–10). Ask with いくつ。
- 人: people (ひとり、ふたり、さんにん...). Ask with 何人。
- 枚: flat items (一枚、二枚、三枚...). Ask with 何枚。
- 本: long items (一本、三本、六本...). Ask with 何本。
- 匹: small animals (一匹、三匹、六匹...). Ask with 何匹。 Place counters after the object and before the verb: チケットを二枚買いました。
Final practice
Make three sentences about your day using counters, like:
- コーヒーを二本買いました。
- ノートを一枚ください。
- いぬが一匹います。 Keep your ears open—once you notice counters, you’ll hear them everywhere. You’ve got this!