Japanese Ifs Made Clear: When to Use たら, ば, と, and なら
Ever get stuck choosing between たら, ば, と, and なら? You’re not alone. Japanese has several ways to say “if,” and each one has its own flavor. In this guide, you’ll get clear rules, natural examples, cultural tips, and interactive practice so you can pick the right conditional with confidence.
The quick map
- たら: when/if (after something happens) — concrete timing, one-time events, instructions
- ば: if (hypothesis/condition) — general logic, advice, written/formal tone
- と: when/whenever (automatic result) — facts, rules, triggers; not for requests/volition in the result
- なら: if it’s the case that / speaking of — responding to given info, making suggestions
You can add もし to soften a hypothesis: もし雨が降ったら… / もし時間があれば…
たら: when this happens, then that
Use たら for specific timing or one-time events. It often feels like “when… then…,” especially with instructions or surprises after doing something.
駅に着い、連絡します。
ば: logical if, advice, and hypotheses
ば sounds a bit more formal or logical. It’s great for general conditions, advice, and written style. It also makes fixed patterns like ~ば~ほど (“the more…, the more…”) and ~ばいい (“it would be good if…/you should”).
| Pronoun | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| 食べる (ichidan) | 食べれば |
| 行く (godan) | 行けば |
| 高い (i-adj.) | 高ければ |
| 便利だ (na-adj.) | 便利であれば |
| 便利だ (topic-like) | 便利なら |
時間があれ、寄ってください。
と: whenever X, Y happens automatically
Use と for regular, automatic, or factual results. Think of cause-and-effect, instructions on devices, or natural phenomena. Avoid using と when the result clause expresses a request, intention, or invitation.
このボタンを押す、ドアが開きます。
なら: if it’s the case that…, speaking of…
なら connects to information given by the other person, or a topic that is already understood. It’s perfect for suggestions, recommendations, or conditions based on someone’s plan or situation.
日本に行く、和食をたくさん食べたいです。
Put it into practice: choose the right conditional
Pick the best option to complete each sentence.
Common pitfalls to avoid
もし雨が降ると、行きません。 → もし雨が降ったら/降れば、行きません。 もし pairs naturally with たら or ば for hypotheticals. と suggests regular/unavoidable results, not a one-time decision.General condition → use ば with ある.
Useful vocabulary and patterns
Quick comparison roundup
- One-time event or instruction tied to timing → たら: 着いたら、連絡してね。
- Logical/general condition, advice, written tone → ば: 時間があれば、行きます。
- Automatic/factual result, triggers → と: 春になると、桜が咲く。
- Responding to given info, recommendations → なら: 京都なら、紅葉がきれいですよ。
Tip: Add もし to たら/ば/なら when you want to highlight uncertainty: もし雨なら、中止です。
春になる、花粉がひどくなります。
Final practice and encouragement
You’ve seen the patterns, you’ve practiced the choices—now listen for these forms in shows, manuals, and conversations. Try this:
- Describe your routine with と: 朝7時になると、目覚ましが鳴ります。
- Make tonight’s plan with たら: 仕事が終わったら、散歩します。
- Give advice with ば: 体調が悪ければ、休んだほうがいいですよ。
- Respond to a friend’s plan with なら: 週末に海に行くなら、早起きしたほうがいいよ。
Keep noticing the nuance, and soon you’ll choose the right “if” without thinking. がんばって!